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In the 19th century, the Hawai'i archipelago was its own kingdom. But after the "Merrie Monarch," King David Kalakaua, passed away, a group of Americans living in Hawai'i—missionaries, U.S. servicemen, sugar planters, and other...
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In the 19th century, the Hawai'i archipelago was its own kingdom. But after the "Merrie Monarch," King David Kalakaua, passed away, a group of Americans living in Hawai'i—missionaries, U.S. servicemen, sugar planters, and other entrepreneurs—conspired to overthrow his successor, Queen Lili'uokalani, in 1893. Five years later, Hawai'i was annexed as a colony of the United States. Also in the 1890s, a group of authentic Hawaiian performers toured the United States vaudeville circuit, an act that was billed as the "naughty naughty hula dance." Up until that point, most Americans had been unaware of Hawaiian arts and culture. Afterward, so-called "hula girl" routines were incorporated into burlesque strip-tease shows, while the writers of racist "coon songs" came up with similarly offensive ragtime tunes about native Hawaiians and released them as sheet music. After Hawai'i became annexed to the United States, American record companies wanted something more authentic to offer their audiences, so companies like Victor, American, Columbia, and Edison sent scouts to Honolulu to record local talent like Toots Paka, Irene West, Albert "Sonny" Cunha, and steel-guitar inventor Joseph Kekuku. They offered these Hawaiian musicians hapa-haole, or "half-white," meaning songs influenced by Western music, in sets of 78s, starting around 1899. As steamship technology allowed tourists to safely sail the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii-based merchants and hotel and restaurant owners collaborated with the United States government to form the Hawai'i Promotion Committee in 1903, which put out promotional material including travel brochures and souvenir postcards. The popularity of the Hawaiian-themed musical, "The Bird of Paradise," which was written by a white man and debuted in Los Angeles in 1911, shined a spotlight on the five Hawaiian musicians in the show—W.K. Kolomoku, B. Waiwaiole, S.M. Kaiawe, A. Kiwaia, and W.B. Aeko—who became known as the Hawaiian Quinette. Laurette...
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